Propaganda dan Perlawanan: Pers, Kekuasaan Kolonial dan Perlawanan Pribumi

Authors

  • Yolla Marta Kusuma Author

Keywords:

Political Communication, Indigenous Press, Propaganda, De-westernizing Communication

Abstract

This study seeks to explore Indonesia’s historical reflections during the period of colonial era in the Netherland-Indies. Employing a political communication approach and an Asia-centric perspective through the framework of de-westernizing political communication history, this research aims to challenge the dominance of Western perspectives in Indonesia scholarship. Using a qualitative literature-based method, the study demonstrates that indigenous resistance to colonial power was not limited to physical or violent confrontation, but was also articulated through the press. As a form of communication technology, the press possessed significant capacity for message dissemination, public opinion, formation, and political propaganda. This research conceptualizes the press a political actor operating within the power relations of the colonial state and anti-colonial resistance movements.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdurrahman, D. (2017). Metode Penelitian Sejarah. Ar-Ruzz Media.

Adam, A. (2003). Sejarah Awal Pers dan Kebangkitan Kesadaraan Ke-Indonesiaan, 1855-1913. Pustaka Utan Kayu.

Aditomo, A. (2022). Sejarah Perbukuan: Kronik Perbukuan Indonesia Melewati

Tiga Zaman (I. Susilowati, R. Syahrizal, & E. N. Yusuf (eds.)). Kementrian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi.

Afandi, Uliyanda, D., Safarini, F., Ramadhini, I. L., Rahmadia, I., Dewantara, J. A., & Putri, S. (2023). Nasionalisme di Indonesia. Nusantara Hasana Journal, 3(1), 76–83.

Afifi, A., Tsuraya, A. G., Utami, D., & Turisma, G. L. A. (2025). The Role of Mass Media in Influencing in Public Policy Process. CAKRA COMMUNICO: Journal of Communication Science, 2(2), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.17977/um087v2i2202559-66

Afrianto, D. (2019). Simbol Penting Nama Indonesia. Kompas.Com. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/simbol-penting-nama-indonesia

Ahmadin. (2017). Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia. Rahyan Intermedia.

Aini, S., & Aria, R. D. (2018). Surat Kabar Soenting Melajoe dan Wacana Nasionalisme (1912-1921). Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 5(4), 430–437.

AJI. (2025). Indonesian Press Freedom Situation Report 2024. Aliansi Jurnalis Independen.

Al-Faqih, M. (2025). Politik Hukum Pers Pada Masa Kolonial. Jurnal Pewarta Indonesia, 7(1), 121–132. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.25008/jpi.v7i1.196

Alahmed, A. M. (2020). Internalized Orientalism: Toward a Postcolonial Media Theory and De-Westernizing Communication Research from the Global South. Communication Theory, 30(4), 407–428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtz037

Albuquerque, A. de, Oliveira, T. M. de, Junior, M. A. dos S., & Albuquerque, S. O. F. de. (2020). Structural Limits to the De-Westernization of the Communication Field: The Editorial Board in Clarivate’s JCR System. Communication, Culture & Critique, 1–19.

Ali, N. H., Fuadi, A., Habud, M., & Adnani, K. (2023). Islamic Press in Surakarta (1914-1926): A Study of Medan Moeslimin dan Islam Bergerak. Islamic: Jurnal Studi KeIslaman, 17(2), 214–243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2024.18.2.1-24

Altheide, D. L. (2004). Media Logic and Political Communication. Political Communication, 21(3), 293–296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600490481307

Anderson, B. R. O. (1999). Indonesian Nationalism Today and in the Future. Journal Indonesia, 67, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3351374

Anjani, S. D. (2023). Melacak Akar Historis Perjuangan Bangsa Indonesia dan Kiprah Kaum Santri dalam Lahirnya NKRI. Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah & Sejarah FKIP Universitas Jambi, 3(2), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.22437/jejak.v3i2.24860

Arifin, F. (2020). Pembelajaran Sejarah pada Masa Kolonialisme Belanda. Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 9(2), 126–153. https://doi.org/Doi.org/10.21009/JPS.092.03

Arifin, S. (2012). Islam dan Pembebasan. In Indo Progress. https://indoprogress.com/2012/08/islam-dan-pembebasan/

Arifin, S., Utari, P., & Hastjarjo, S. (2019). Communication Style in Media Struggle, Misbach Communication Style in Early 20th Century. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligous Understanding, 6(5), 60–73. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1037

Asrul, A. A., Sianturi, D. F., Tarigan, A. E., Sihotang, M., & Sinaga, R. (2024). Konstruksi Rasial Masyarakat Indonesia pada Masa Kolonial. Jurnal Akuntansi Hukum Dan Edukasi, 1(2).

Asseraf, A. (2022). Mass Media and the Colonial Informant: Messaoud Djebari and the French Empire, 1880-1901. Past & Present, 254(1), 161–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtab008

Astuti, A., Pujiati, & Warjio. (2023). Konflik Identitas Melahirkan Surat Kabar: Sejarah Surat Kabar Mandailing Tahun 1923 di Kota Medan. PURBAWIDYA: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Arkeologi, 12(2), 216–230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24164/purbawidya.

Azhari, I., Sidiq, R., & Purnamasari, I. (2023). The Role of Newspapers Published in North Sumatra during Indonesia’s Independence Struggle between 1916-1925: A Content Analysis. F1000Reseach, 11(249), 1–21.

Azwar, T. K. D., & Baxadirovna, B. D. (2025). Legal Pluralism in the Colonial Era: The Influence of Economic Globalization on the Elimination of Poenale Sanctie and Customary Law. SASI, 31(4), 315–325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v31i4.3392

Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (2012). Mass Communication Theory: Foundation,

Ferment, and Future (6th ed.). Wadsworth.

Basri, M., Ayu, S. N., Nabilla, G., & Berutu, S. L. (2024). Background to the Arrival of the Dutch, VOC, Dutch East Indies. EDUCTUM: Journal Research, 3(1), 21–26. https://jurnal.larisma.or.id/index.php/ejr/

Bryman, A. (2012). Sosial Reseach Methods (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Bucy, E. P., & Evans, H. K. (2022). Media-Centric and Politics-Centric Views of Media and Democracy: A Longitudinal Analysis of Political Communication and International Journal of Press/Politics. Political Communication, 39(2), 254–265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1966595

Burman, J. (2018). Colonialism and Postcolonialism. Communication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.626

Chaniago, D. M., & Umairah, U. R. (2018). Sejarah Pers Kolonial di Indonesia. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Kebudayaan Islam, 8(16). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.72

Conboy, M. (2004). Journalism: A Critical History. SAGE Publications Ltd.

Conboy, M., & Steel, J. (2008). The Future on Newspapers: Historical Perspective. Journalism Studies, 9(5), 650–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700802207540

Curran, J., Gurevitch, M., & Woollacott, J. (2005). The Study of the Media: Theoretical Approaches. In M. Gurevitch, T. Benneit, J. Curran, & J. Woollacott (Eds.), Culture, Society and The Media. Taylor & Francis.

Daraquthny, F. A. (2018). Tirto Adhi Soerjo (Studi Deskriptif Pemikiran Perintis Pers Pribumi pada Masa Kolonialisme Hindia-Belanda). Universitas Brawijaya.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2018). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Dhoha, H. R. (2025). Decentering the Discourse of 'Propaganda Map": The Use of German Suggestive Map as as Counter-Colonial Tool in the Indonesia Newspaper Pewarta Deli (1935-1940). Media History, 31(4), 447–465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2025.2581030

Dhohirrobbi, A. (2024). Sejarah VOC di Indonesia: Faktor dan Implikasi. Maliki Interdisciplinary Journal, 2(1), 321–329. http://urj.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/mij/index

Duile, T. (2023). The Dialectics of Adat: Colonialism, the State, and Indigeneity in Indonesia. Anthropological Forum, 33(1), 50–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2023.2217476

Eisenstein, E. L. (1983). The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.

Eisenstein, E. L. (2013). The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Eta’Aini, L., & Maimunah, S. (2025). Islam Bergerak dan Pertarungan Gagasan: Analisis Redaksi sebagai Respons Gerakan Misionaris dan Zending di Surakarta, 1917-1923 M. Jurnal Peradaban Dan Kebudayaan, 6(1), 20–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51190/

Febbrizal, & Abdurakhman. (2023). Press History Framework for a Press History Course. The 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation and Social Science.

Firman, T. (2017). Marco Kartodikromo: Tokoh Jurnalis Zaman Pergerakan dari Blora (Studi Deskriptif Pemikiran dan Pergerakan Marco Kartodikromo dalam Pers Indonesia Masa Kolonialisme Hindia Belanda. Universitas Brawijaya.

Fuchs, C. (2020). Communication and Capitalism: A Critical Theory. University of Westminster Press.

Gluck, A. (2018). De-Westernization and Decolonization in Media Studies. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.898

Green-Pedersen, C., & Stubager, R. (2010). The Political Conditionality of Mass Media Influence: When Do Parties Follow Mass Media Attention? British Journal of Political Science, 40(3), 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123410000037

Habib, M. (2017). Pers dan Bangkitnya Kesadaran Nasional Indonesia pada Awal Abad XX. Journal Istoria, 12(2), 21–32.

Halilintar. (1923). Indische Politiek. Halilintar.

Handayani, P. M., & Arifin, Z. (2023). Early Printed Literature of the Dutch East Indies in Semarang. Jurnal Ilmu Susatra Dan Budaya, 12(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51817/susastra.v12i1.140

Handayani, W. S., & Junaidi. (2024). Social Media and Mass Communication in the Digital Era: A Narrative Review. Communica: Journal of Communication, 2(1), 1–13. https://journal.idscipub.com/communica

Happer, C., & Philo, G. (2013). The Role of The Media in the Construction of Public Belief and Social Change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96

Hasudungan, A. N. (2021). Pelurusan Sejarah Mengenai Indonesia Dijajah Belanda 350 Tahun sebagai Materi Sejarah Kritis Kepada Peserta Didik Kelas XI SMAN 1 Rupat. Jurnal Widya Winayata: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 9(3). https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPS

Herawati, M., Karlinah, S., Agustin, H., & Sjafirah, N. A. (2019). Global News in Colonial Era in Sunting Melayu Newspaper. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(9), 931–934.

Holbert, R. L. (2005). Intramedia Mediation: The Cumulative and Complementary Effects of News Media Use. Political Communication, 22(4), 447–461. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600500311378

Hosniyah. (2016). Kebijakan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda Terhadap Komunitas Arab di Malang 1900-1935. E-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah, 4(3), 966–978.

Howard, P. H., & Kollanyi, B. (2016). Bots, #Strongerln, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum. Comprop Research Note.

Idris, T. (2012). VOC dan Dampaknya Terhadap Ekonomi Indonesia. Al-Turas, 18(2), 149–159.

Iramdhan. (2017). Paham Nasionalisme dan Pergerakan Kebangsaan di Indonesia dari Tahun 1990 Sampai Dengan Tahun 1942. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan dan Ekonomi, 1(1), 75–85. http://journal.stkipnurulhuda.ac.id/index.php/utility

Izzati, A. N., Amal, I., Hidayatullah, M. R., & Ajmain, M. (2025). Peran Sarekat Islam dalam Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia. Jurnal Intelek Insan Cendekia, 2(3). https://jicnusantara.com/index.php/jiic

Jambak, S., Rudhani, G. H., Manrung, A. S., & Saragih, Y. (2025). The Transformation of the Colonial Press System into the Modern Era: A Qualitative Approach to the Role of the Media in Social Change. Komunika, 21(2), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.32734/komunika.v21i02.21626

Jayusman, I., & Fachrurozi, M. H. (2021). Eksistensi Kaum Tionghoa dalam Dunia Pers di Hindia Belanda Tahun 1869-1942. Bihari: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah Dan Ilmu Sejarah, 4(1), 51–59. http://jurnal.unsil.ac.id/index.php/bihari

Johnston, K. A., & Lane, A. B. (2021). Communication with Intent: A Typology of Communication Interaction in Engagement. Public Relations Review, 47(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101925

Jumanov, A. A. (2021). Communication as a Process of Interaction and Relationship Between People. The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations, 3(1), 164–169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume03Issue01-31

Karina, Sitorus, O., Gurusinga, S., & Sinaga, R. (2024). Devide Et Impera: Kebijakan Politik Belanda dalam Memecah Persatuan di Nusantara. Journal of Education and Learning Evaluation, 1(2), 315–318.

Kasijanto. (2008). Media dan Monopoli Dagang; Percetakan dan Penerbitan di Indonesia pada Masa VOC. Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.17510/wjhi.v10i2.198

Katkova, I. (2023). History in Documents, VOC Records from Batavia (17-18th Centuries). Manuskripta, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.33656/manuskripta.v13i1.226

Kermani, H., Neyazi, T. A., & Lecheler, S. (2025). The Limits of Computational Propaganda: Investigating Underexplored Platforms and Contexts. Political Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2025.2595596

Khairiah, N., Katimin, & Samosir, H. E. (2025). Utilization of Information Media in Forming The Image of Politician/Political Parties. Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan Dan Informasi, 10(1), 290–303.

Khoirunnisa, A., Udiana, A. D., & Zahra, N. Z. (2025). The Role of Mass media in Shaping Public Opinion after the 2024 Election. CAKRA COMMUNICO: Journal of Communication Science, 2(1), 1–10.

Komandoko, G. (2008). Boedi Oetomo. MedPress.

Kusuma, Y. M. (2017). Warisan Pemikiran Haji Misbach untuk Indonesia (Studi Eksploratif Pemikiran dan Pergerakan Haji Moehammad Misbach dalam Pers Indonesia Masa Kolonialisme Hindia-Belanda 1916-1926). Universitas Brawijaya.

Lailiyah, N. I., Khairunnisa, A., & Ekaristiningrum, E. D. (2021). Merawat Ingatan Peristiwa Genosida dan Dominasi VOC di Banda Tahun 1621 (dalam Perspektif Sosial-Ekonomi). Journal of Indonesian History and Education, 1(4), 1–15.

Lang, K. (2009). Mass Society, Mass Culture, and Mass Communication: The Meaning of Mass. International Journal of Communication, 3, 998–1024.

Larasaty, D. P., & Ilafi, A. (2023). Berita Koran Belanda pada Masa Kolonial Tentang Desa Widuri di Kabupaten Pemalang. Journal of History Studies Universitas Jambi, 3(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.22437/js.v3i2.25360

Leeper, T. J. (2020). Raising the Floor or Closing the Gap? How Media Choice and Media Content Impact Political Knowledge. Political Communication, 37(5), 719–740. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1753866

Lubis, M. (1952). The Press in Indonesia. Far Eastern Survey, 21(9), 90–94.

Malik, D. D. (2022). The Role of Mass Communication in Shaping Changes in Culture and People’s Behavior in Indonesia. Budapest Internasional Research and Critics Insititute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 5(2), 17775–17785. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i2.5759

Marques, F. P. J., Kniess, A. B., Goyanes, M., & Oliveira, T. (2025). De-Westernizing Communication Studies Through Domesticating the Global South: A Critical Examination of the Mechanisms Shaping Scholarly Participation in the Field. International Journal of Communication, 19, 3761–3787.

Martin, P. S. (2008). The Mass Media as Sentinel: Why Bad News About Issues is Good News for Participation. Political Communication, 25(2), 180–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600801985706

McQuail, D. (2010). Mass Communication Theory (6th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Medan-Moeslimin. (1918). Seruan Kita. Medan-Moeslimin.

Medan Prijaji. (1910). Pergantian Taoen dan G.G. Medan Prijaji.

Miswari. (2023). Terbitnya Modernisme Islam (Narasi Biografis Modernis Awal sebagai Inspirasi Organisasi Islam Modern di Indonesia). Jurnal Studi Islam, 2(2), 66–85. https://jurnal.stainidaeladabi.ac.id/index.php/eladabi

Moh, N. H. A., Moh, A. F., Mahbud, & Adnani, K. (2023). Islamic Press in Surakarta (1914-1926): A Study of Medan Moeslimin and Islam Bergerak. Islamic: Jurnal Studi KeIslaman, 17(2), 214–243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2024.18.2.1-24

Mosime, S. T. (2015). Media Control, Colonialism and the Making of a Authoritarian Postconial African State: The Case of Botswana. African Journalism Studies, 36(2), 45–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2015.1043691

Mukhaer, A. A. (2020). Koran Bataviasche Nouvelles, Upaya VOC Hilangkan Citra Korupsi. https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/132459911/koran-bataviasche-nouvelles-upaya-voc-hilangkan-citra-korupsi?page=all

Mulyadi, R. J. P. (2021). Press Nationalism: A Case Study of the Role of Medan Prijaji in Growing National Awareness. International Journal of Politics and Sociology Research, 9(3), 102–107. http://www.ijobsor.pelnus.ac.id/

Musliati, Aulia, C., & Erwinsyah. (2023). Perkembangan Sosial Masyarakat pada Masa Penjajahan. Jurnal Riset, Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial, 1(2), 104–116. http://jurnaltarbiyah.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/tips

Muswede, T., & Lubinga, E. (2018). Global Media Hegemony and the Transformation Bliss in Post-Colonial Africa - Real Independence or Change of Masters? African Journal of Public Affairs, 10(2), 82–96.

Napier, K. (2024). Media Decolonization and Dewesternization. In A. Williams, A.

McLinden, C. Riabko, K. Napier, K. Robertson, & M. I. Team (Eds.), Insights into Communication Studies: Understanding Foundational Theories for Media Literacy. Open Education Alberta.

Nasution, A. P. (2025). Evolusi dan Dinamika Surat Kabar di Indonesia dari Pertumbuhan hingga Era Digital. https://adenasution.com/evolusi-dan-dinamika-surat-kabar-di-indonesia-dari-pertumbuhan-hingga-era-digital/

Neuman, W. L. (2013). Metode Penelitian Sosial: Pendekatan Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif (7th ed.). Indeks.

Newton, K. (2006). May the Weak Force be With You: The Power of the Mass Media in Modern Politics. European Journal of Political Research, 45, 209–234.

Nisa, S. F., Yoga, A. K. D., & Ridhoi, R. (2021). Terpinggirkan di Tanah Kelahiran: Potret Kelompok Indo di Hindia Belanda abad ke-19-20. Journal of Indonesian History and Education, 1(2), 204–212.

Noelle-Neumann, E., & Petersen, T. (2004). The Spiral of Silence and the Social Nature of Man. In L. L. Kaid (Ed.), Hanbook of Political Communication Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Nurdiana, & Lestanata, Y. (2024). Mass Media in Political Communication: Transformation from Mainstream Domination to Social Media Power. Citizen and Government Review, 1(1), 1–10.

Oetoesan Hindia. (1922). Kepertjaja’an Igama-Toehan itoe Ibaratnja Tjandoe jang Beratnjoen Terisap Oleh Ra’jat Semata-mata. Oetoesan Hindia.

Olson, A. (2025). To Prepare the Mind for Wonder: Popular Science and Mass Media in the 1920s. Journal of 20th Century Media History, 3(1), 3–24.

Park, R. E. (1923). The Natural History of the Newspaper. American Journal of Sociology, 29(3), 273–289. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2764232

Peciulis, Z. (2016). Digital Era: From Mass Media Towards a Mass of Media. Filosofija, Sociologija, 27(3), 238–246.

Perdana, Y., & Pratama, R. A. (2022). Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia (N. A. Meliana (ed.)). Lakeisha.

Pettegree, A. (2014). The Birth of the Newspaper. History Today, 64(2). http://www.historytoday.com/andrew-pettegree/birth-newspaper

Piriyasanti, S., & Phuengpha, N. (2024). Mass Media in Social and Political Participation. Procedia of Social Sciences and Humanities International Conference on Emerging New Media and Social Science, 822–828. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.423

Prayogi, A. (2023). Pers dan Pergerakan: Membaca Sikap Politik Surat Kabar

Fadjar Asia 1927-1930 (R. Nasrullah (ed.)). Mitra Ilmu.

Prayogi, A. (2025). Historical Study of the Emergence of the Fadjar Asia as the Newspaper of the Indonesian National Movement. Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Science, 1(1). https://usarpublisher.com/usarjahss/

Prayogi, A., & Darutama, A. (2022). Sikap Politik Surat Kabar Fadjar Asia: Respon Politis Atas Isu Pergerakan Nasional 1927-1930. Jurnal Sejarah Dan Pembelajaraanya, 12(2), 154–168. http://e-journal.unipma.ac.id/index.php/JA

Protschky, S. (2020). Cencorship in Colonial Indonesia, 1901-1924: by Nobuto Yamamoto, Leidon and Boston, Brill, 2019, ix + 294 pp., ISBN 978-90-04-36254-3. South East Asia Research, 28(3), 368–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828X.2020.1775416

Putri, A. A. (2023). Peranan Organisasi Perhimpunan Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah & Sejarah FKIP Universitas Jambi, 3(2), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.22437/jejak.v3i2.24808

Putri, H. H., Nabila, P., Ritonga, S. M., & Sugianto. (2023). Peran Organisasi Budi Utomo dalam Membentuk Identitas Bangsa. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan Universitas Pamulang, 3, 36–42.

Rahayu, P., Noviyanti, R., & Nurbaity. (2025). The Utilization of Historical Sources in History Learning: The Press during the Indonesian National Movement (1907-1912). International Journal of Humanity Advance, Business & Sciences, 2(3), 207–216.

Ravando. (2021). Cencorship in Colonial Indonesia, 1901-1942, by Nobuto

Yamamoto. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 177(1), 162–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17701014

Regina, Y., Sucipto, F., Pratama, M. A., & Fauzan, R. (2024). Sejarah Kontroversial “Indonesia Tidak Dijajah Selama 350 Tahun”: Kajian Buku Teks Sejarah. Jurnal Studi Sejarah Dan Pengajarannya, 3(1). https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3783/DEWARUCI.v2i9.2461

Rizkianto, A. (2024). Dakwah dan Politik Masa Pergerakan: Kajian Historis Media Islam Era Radikalisme Rakyat di Jawa 1912-1942. Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Penyiaran Islam, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.55372/bilhikmahjkpi.v2i2.40

Rogers, E. M. (1976). Communication and Development: Critical Perspective. SAGE Publications Ltd.

Rogers, E. M. (2004). Theoretical Diversity in Political Communication. In L. L. Kaid (Ed.), Hanbook of Political Communication Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Rosadi, K. N. A., & Putra, E. P. (2024). Stratifikasi Sosial: Penonton Bioskop di Hindia Belanda Awal Abad ke-20. Pangadereng: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 9(2). https://jurnalpangadereng.kemdikbud.go.id/

Ruqayyah, A., & Siregar, R. F. (2025). Media Political Communication: Textual Analysis of News Converage on The Development of Mining Areas in Raja Ampat (Converage on Tempo Online and Media Indonesia). Jurnal Komunikasi, Masyarakat Dan Keamanan, 7(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31599/bfz67b85

Rustanto, B. (2015). Penelitian Kualitatif Pekerjaan Sosial. PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

Sabrina, A. (2023). Menilik Asal-Usul Bahasa Indonesia. Ensiklopedia of Journal, 5(1). http://jurnal.ensiklopediaku.org/

Sakina, I., & Hendrik, D. (2025). The Development of Indonesian Mass Media: An Analysis of Political Power and Its Influence on Democracy. Indonesian Journal of Politics, 11(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.20473/jpi.v11i1.66957

Samingan. (2023). Bima: Samaran Soekarno untuk Mengobarkan Semangat Perjuangan Rakyat Hindia-Belanda. Jurnal Sejarah Dan Pembelajaran Sejarah, 8(2).

Sanusi, B. O., & Mathias, O. K. (2023). Mass Media Roles as Communication Tools for National Development. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 8(11), 1687–1691. www.ijisrt.com

Saragih, M. Y. (2020). Journalistic Mass Media Management. Journal of Religion, Social, Cultural and Political, 5(4), 59–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v5i4.71

Schramm, W. (1964). Mass Media and National Development. Stanford University Press.

Setiawan, B. (2023). The Contribution of Mass Media in the Life of the Nation and State. Informasi, 53(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v53i2.71879

Shabir, G., Safdar, G., Jamil, T., & Bano, S. (2015). Mass Media, Communication and Globalization with the Perspective of 21st Century. New Media and Mass Communication, 34, 11–15. http://www.iiste.org

Sharma, A., & Uniyal, D. (2016). Development Communication: Role of Mass Media and its Approach. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR), 2(1), 906–913. http://www.onlinejournal.in

Sheen, G. C.-H., Tung, H. T., & Wu, W.-C. (2022). Power Sharing and Media Freedom in Dictatorships. Political Communication, 39(2), 202–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1988009

Shiraishi, T. (1997). Zaman Bergerak: Radikalisme Rakyat di Jawa 1912-1926. Pustaka Utama Grafiti.

Simanjuntak, B. A., & Sosridihardjo, S. (2009). Metode Penelitian Sosial. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Sinaga, R., Fadillah, A. N., Hendri, A., Jhon, M. R., & Dalimunthe, M. N. (2025). Dari Tanam Paksa ke Politik Etis: Dinamika Kebijakan Kolonial Belanda dan Dampaknya Terhadap Masyarakat Pribumi. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(4), 300–313.

Sinaga, R., Simanjuntak, J. Vi., Tondang, O. P., & Larasati, S. (2024). Masa Pemerintahan VOC di Nusantara: Awal Kedatangan Hingga Penyebab Bubarnya VOC. Journal of Education and Learning Evaluation, 1(2), 389–397.

Sinambela, I. N., Siboro, J. M. S., Tarigan, R. D. B., & Armadhany, R. (2025). VOC dan Kolonialisme Hindia Belanda: Warisan Sejarah dan Implikasi bagi Nasionalisme Indonesia. JERUMI: Journal of Education Relegion Humanities and Multidiciplinary, 3(2).

Sitorus, M. S. M. (2023). Surat Kabar Medan Prijaji: Media Aspirasi Rakyat Pribumi dan Pemantik Kesadaran Edukasi. Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah & Sejarah FKIP Universitas Jambi, 3(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.22437/jejak.v3i2.24811

Smith, E. C. (1983). Sejarah Pembreidelan Pers di Indonesia. Grafiti.

Sobih, M. (2025). Analisis dampak Imperialisme dan Kolonialisme Belanda terhadap Struktur Sosial dan Ekonomi Indonesia. Maliki Interdisciplinary Journal, 3, 861–869.

Soriano, M. R. (2025). Journalism in History, History in Journalism: A Historiographical Critique of the Newspaper as a Source Material for Research. International Review of Social Science Research, 5(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.53378/irssr.353200

Stibbe, A. (2022). Using Memory: The Anti-Colonial Periodical Indonesia Merdeka (1923-1933). Utrecht University. https://rememberingactivism.eu/2022/03/10/using-memory-the-anti-colonial-periodical-indonesia-merdeka/

Subijanto, R. (2017). Englightenment and the Revoluationary Press in Colonial Indonesia. International Journal of Communication, 11, 1357–1377.

Sulistyo, P. D., & Salasah, R. (2024). The Long Road of the Indonesian Press from Colonial Period to the Digital Era. Kompas.Com. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/en-jalan-panjang-pers-indonesia-dari-masa-penjajahan-hingga-era-digital

Sulton, A. (2024). Media Sastra dan Surat Kavar Amunisi Mas Marco Kartodikromo Melawan Belenggu Kolonial. Humaniora, Jurnal Senja: Sejarah Dan, 2(2), 1–18. https://jurnal.uts.ac.id/index.php/jssh

Supardan, D. (2008). Menyikapi Perkembangan Pendidikan Sejak Masa Kolonial Hingga Sekarang: Prespektif Pendidikan Kritis. Generasi Kampus, 1(2), 96–106.

Supratman, F. R. (2020). Koleksi Surat Kabar Langka Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia sebagai Sumber Penelitian Sejarah Global. Jurnal Kajian Informasi & Perpustakaan, 8(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkip.v8i1.25212

Surjomihardjo, A. (2002). Beberapa Segi Perkembangan Sejarah Pers di Indonesia. PT Kompas Media Nusantara.

Syafaah. (2018). Kelas Sosial dalam Sistem Landeliijk Stelsel Masa Raffles (1811-1816). Tamaddun, 6(1), 133–146.

Tanackovic, S. F., Krtalic, M., & Lacovic, D. (2014). Newspapera as a Research Source: Information Needs and Information Seeking oh Humanities Scholars. Creative Commons Attributions 3.0, 1–14. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Tasruddin, R., & Syamsuddin, A. (2022). Communication Towards the Vehicle of Community Interaction (Analysis of Sociology of Contemporary Communication). International Journal of Social Science and Education Research Studies, 2(12), 699–702. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55677/ijssers/V02I12Y2022-01

Triyana, B. (2024). Corong Propaganda Boedi Oetomo. https://www.historia.id/article/corong-propaganda-boedi-oetomo#:~:text=Boedi Oetomo menerbitkan surat kabarnya,alat kritik terhadap pemerintah kolonial.&text=Boedi Oetama%2C organ resmi Boedi,(National Archives).&text=DWIDJOSEWOJO%2C Boediardjo%2C dan Sos

Triyanta, A. (2023). Fajar Pers Muslim Bumi Putra di Masa Hindia Belanda: Wacana Anti Kapitalisme dalam Majalah Medan Moeslimin (1915-1926). Jurnal Penelitian Agama Dan Masyarakat, 7(1), 112–129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/panangkaran.v7i1.3156

Tungkup, J. A. L., Sianturi, F. R., Santika, L., Damanik, P. S. S., & Sinaga, R. (2024). Kebijakan Ekspansi VOC dari Perdagangan Rempah Hingga Kolonialisme. INNOVATIVE: Journal of Social Science Research, 4(5), 8755–8760. https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative

Tusaddiah, H., Simamora, L. P., Ginting, A. A., & Sinaga, R. (2024). Peran Pers dalam Penyebaran Gagasan dan Pemikiran Intelektual Masa Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia di Sumatera Utara. Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research, 4(3), 7205–7218. https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative

Tutasqiyah, N., Rohmadi, A. F., Na, N., Amanta, A. L., & Suanto. (2023). Dampak Penjajahan Belanda Terhadap Struktur Sosial di Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan Universitas Pamulang, 3(75–79).

Umar, A. R. M. (2017). The Bandung Ideology: Anti-Colonial Internationalism and Indonesia’s Foreign Police (1945-1965). Asian Review, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.58837/CHULA.ARV.30.2.3

Usmaedi. (2024). De Banten Bode: Media Masa di Banten Tahun 1924-1938. Kala Manca: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah, 12(1), 1–7. https://stkipsetiabudhi.e-journal.id/KALA/index

Wahidah, A. N., Handayani, S. F., Mathar, S. W. A., & Sujana, A. M. (2025). Dari Budi Utomo Hingga Sarekat Islam: Awal Kebangkitan Pergerakan Nasional di Indonesia. Jurnal Riset Rumpun Agama Dan Filsafat, 4(1), 264–281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrafi.v4i1.4568

Wahyuni, B., & Mursal, I. F. (2022). Analisis Masa Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia 1908-1942. Jurnal Sejarah, 2(1), 54–67. https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/siginjai

Waisbord, S. (2022). What is Next for De-Westernizing Communication Studies? Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 12(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2022.2041645

Waisbord, S. (2023). De-Westernizing Political Communication: Why? How? Political Communication Report, 28. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-41232

Waisbord, S., & Mellado, C. (2014). De-Westernizing Communication Studies: A Reassessment. Communication Theory, 24, 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12044

Widianto, R., Djono, & Ediyono, S. (2025). The Role of the Bumiputera Press in the Indonesian National Movement in the Early 20th Century. HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, 13(2), 645–656. https://doi.org/10.24127/hj.v13i2.11241

Wilandra, S. S. (2024). Benarkah Komunisme Bertentangan dengan Agama?: Islam dan Komunisme dalam Pemikiran Haji Misbach (1914-1926). Nalar: Jurnal Peradaban Dan Pemikiran Islam, 8(1), 24–53. https://doi.org/10.23971/njppi.v8i1.7829

Williams, A. (2025). The Evolution of Newspapers. In A. Williams, K. Napier, & M. Radzikowska (Eds.), Media History in Canada. Open Education Alberta.

Wolton, D. (1990). Political Communication: The Construction of a Model. European Journal of Communication, 5(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323190005001002

Yacob, D. W. U. (2014). Tirto Adhi Soerjo: Tokoh Kebangkitan Nasional dan Pelopor Politik Arsip.

Yamamoto, N. (2011). Print Power and Censorship in Colonial Indonesia, 1914-1942. Cornell University.

Yamamoto, N. (2019). Cencorship in Colonial Indonesia, 1901-1942. Brill.

Yuniadi, A. (2012). Soenda Berita: Surat Kabar Mingguan Pertama Modal Milik Pribumi (1903-1904). Sosiohumaniora, 14(2), 132–141.

Zaghlami, L. (2016). Colonial Media and Post Independence Experience in North Africa. Media and Journalismo, 16(2). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-5462_29_10

Zara, M. Y. (2023). Bound by History, Culture, Religion and Kinship (Representations of Malaya in the Indonesian Popular Islamic Magazine Pandji Masjarakat (1960). Indonesia and the Malay World, 51(150), 191–208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2023.2221926

Zhang, H. (2023). Modern Newspapers from the Perspective of Information. Computer Sciences and Mathemathics Forum, 8(24), 2–4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/cmsf2023008024

Zinreich, E. (2023). Mass Communication: Understanding the Power of Media in Today’s World. Journal Mass Communicat Journalism, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.37421/2165-7912.2023.13.518

Downloads

Published

2026-02-03

How to Cite

Propaganda dan Perlawanan: Pers, Kekuasaan Kolonial dan Perlawanan Pribumi. (2026). Journal of Law and Society, 1(1), 77-94. https://journal.goufpublisher.com/index.php/lexsociety/article/view/25